Viscosity - normal CSF will have the same consistency as water. Turbidity - cloudy or turbid CSF may indicate the presence of white or red blood cells, microbes, or an increase in protein levels. Green CSF may also sometimes be seen with bilirubin or infection. Yellow, orange, or pink CSF may indicate the breakdown of blood cells due to bleeding into the CSF or the presence of bilirubin. Changes in the color of the CSF are not diagnostic but may point to additional substances in the fluid. ![]() The appearance of the sample of CSF is usually compared to a sample of water.Ĭolor of the fluid - normal is clear and colorless. CSF testing is performed to evaluate the level or concentration of different substances and cells in CSF in order to diagnose conditions affecting the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). His one great achievement is being the father of three amazing children.Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, watery liquid that flows around the brain and spinal cord, surrounding and protecting them. He is one of the founders of the FOAM movement (Free Open-Access Medical education) and is co-creator of , the RAGE podcast, the Resuscitology course, and the SMACC conference. He created the ‘Critically Ill Airway’ course and teaches on numerous courses around the world. He coordinates the Alfred ICU’s education and simulation programmes and runs the unit’s education website, INTENSIVE. He is actively involved in in using translational simulation to improve patient care and the design of processes and systems at Alfred Health. He has completed fellowship training in both intensive care medicine and emergency medicine, as well as post-graduate training in biochemistry, clinical toxicology, clinical epidemiology, and health professional education. He is an internationally recognised Clinician Educator with a passion for helping clinicians learn and for improving the clinical performance of individuals and collectives.Īfter finishing his medical degree at the University of Auckland, he continued post-graduate training in New Zealand as well as Australia’s Northern Territory, Perth and Melbourne. He is on the Board of Directors for the Intensive Care Foundation and is a First Part Examiner for the College of Intensive Care Medicine. He is also a Clinical Adjunct Associate Professor at Monash University. He is a co-founder of the Australia and New Zealand Clinician Educator Network (ANZCEN) and is the Lead for the ANZCEN Clinician Educator Incubator programme. Anaerobes: Consider brain abscess, elderlyĬhris is an Intensivist and ECMO specialist at the Alfred ICU in Melbourne.H Influenzae: (3%) – Head trauma with CSF leak, otitis, sinusitis, anatomical defects such as dermal sinus tracts.Staphylococcus: Penetrating skull injury, ear or neuro operations.N meningitidis: (30%) – Children and adolescents.Pneumococcus: (40%) – Otitis media, head injury, pneumonia, immunocompromised.Lymphocytosis, variable protein elevation and normal glucose.Aseptic meningitis (Generally accepted as mainly viral meningitis).Sickle cell disease – Capsulated organisms.Humoral or asplenic – Neiserria, enterovirus.N meningitidis, s. pneumonia, listeria, klebsiella, s. aureus.extended culture (Listeria, Cryptococcus).xanthochromic index with spectrophotometry (in SAH). ![]()
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